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Like all of Eliot's best work, The Mill on the Floss (1860), is based in large part on her own life and her relationship with her brother.

She took the pen name "George Eliot" because she believed the public would take a male author more seriously. Eliot's sketches were well received, and soon after she followed with her first novel, Adam Bede (1859). A married man, Lewes could not marry Eliot, but they lived together until Lewes's death. At about his time Eliot began her lifelong relationship with George Henry Lewes. She soon began publishing sketches of country life in London magazines. In 1849, after the death of her father, she went to London and became assistant editor of the Westminster Review, a radical magazine. Eliot read extensively, and was particularly drawn to the romantic poets and German literature.

She received a modest local education and was particularly influenced by one of her teachers, an extremely religious woman whom the novelist would later use as a model for various characters. George Eliot was born Mary Ann Evans on a Warwickshire farm in England, where she spent almost all of her early life.